Synthesis Of Results Of Eq 5d Utilities Across Different...

Synthesis of results We conducted meta-analyses of EQ-5D utilities across different GOLD levels, based on an inverse-variance approach. The pooled estimates for EQ-5D measurements of mild, moderate, severe, and very severe COPD are 0.821 (95% CI: 0.814-0.828), 0.760 (95% CI: 0.756-0.765), 0.727 (95% CI: 0.722-0.732), and 0.681 (95% CI: 0.675-0.686). Results based on visual analogue scale demonstrated a similar trend. There was insufficient data for meta-analysis on the utilities across different disease severity levels according to time trade off and standard gamble. Discrete choice In addition to utility of outcomes ranging from 0 to 1, we also included other reports on the importance of outcomes. Willingness to pay is another indication of utility by monetary values. Researchers also used forced choice techniques, discrete choice exercise/conjoint analysis, or probability trade off to elicit the outcome importance information. Additionally, some studies were based on research self-developed scales or questionnaires. In total, we identified 74 reports to suggest outcome importance information other than utility of outcomes ranging from 0 to 1. Forced choice and Preference trials Of all the 74 reports, 39 of them used a â€Å"forced choice† question. By forced choice, we mean the researcher provided a set of options to ask the participants to choose from, or to indicate they would accept or reject one option. Of all these 39 studies, 35 studies were on treatment itself or